Your plumbing system can be significantly affected by hard water, often resulting in a series of problems that compromise both efficiency and longevity. Mineral deposits are at the heart of these problems. The primary culprits are calcium and magnesium, which tend to accumulate in pipes and fixtures. Over time, this mineral buildup can limit water flow, increase water pressure, and put a kind of strain on your plumbing infrastructure that is neither good nor sustainable. The impact on plumbing performance is offset, somewhat, by the likelihood that hard-water-damaged faucets and showerheads will need to be repaired or replaced way more often than fixtures not affected by mineral deposits. And then there are the utility bills. Reduced efficiency means more energy has to be used to get the same result. So the real question is: What's going on with hard water?
There are several variables that influence the severity of hard water on your plumbing system. The main determinant is the concentration of minerals, which can vary widely depending on your location. If you live in an area with a high mineral content in your water supply, you will have hard water problems that are much more severe than other people experience. The age and material of your pipes are also factors. If your plumbing system is old, or if it was made with a material like galvanized steel that is very permeable to minerals, it is much more likely to experience serious hard water effects than newer plumbing made from more resistant materials. Of course, how much water you use affects your hard water situation as well. The more you demand from your plumbing system, the more likely it is to show signs of hard water damage.
Issues stemming from hard water in your plumbing system can be tackled with a blend of preventive and corrective measures. A highly effective solution, when feasible, is to install a water softener. These devices remove the hard minerals (calcium and magnesium ions) that are the root cause of many plumbing—especially fixture and appliance—problems associated with hard water. They replace the removed ions with sodium or potassium, which, under normal circumstances, wouldn't cause any significant problems.
Another possible solution is to add some kind of cleaning action or clean the close-to-drain parts of your plumbing fixtures with a mixture of vinegar and baking soda or some other not-too-harsh cleaning solution. In severe cases, where you've got a lot of buildup not only in your fixtures but also in your plumbing, look for and use a not-too-harsh descaling product that can penetrate the hard water mineral buildup.